Prince Albert, the German consort of Queen Victoria, is widely credited with introducing the Christmas tree into the homes of wealthy and middle-class Victorians; however, the tradition of bringing greenery into the house was already well-established in Ireland.
Here comes the Sun!
The Irish have been celebrating midwinter, or Mean Geimhreadh, for millennia, culminating in the Solstice on the 21st December, when the sun returns bringing light, nurture, and hope.
Our modern Christmas is the most recent incarnation of this ancient tradition, evolving from a bewildering amalgam of Roman, Celtic, Ancient European, Christian, Victorian, and American traditions.
The Scots Pine, Pinus Sylvestris, was revered by the Druids, associating the evergreen with the return of the Sun after the dark, short days of Winter. Yule logs a precursor of the Christmas tree would most likely have been Scots pine and would have been ceremoniously kindled whilst its branches along with other evergreens Holly and Ivy were used to decorate homes, adding colour to an otherwise bleak time of year.
Pine fresh!
Until recently, the Scots pine was believed to have died out in Ireland between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago. Virtually all of the Scots pine in Ireland were reintroduced about 150 years ago from Scotland, but thanks to the research and the intrepid effort of some Trinity College Botanists led by Professor Fraser Mitchell and following extensive scientific analysis, it was conclusively verified that a stand of Scots pine located at Rock forest in County Clare was truly indigenous!
“All of these trees found in Ireland today were assumed to be descendants of the introduced Scottish stock, but that’s not the case. We analysed pollen grains preserved in lake sediments to look into the natural history of this species, and those grains revealed its continual presence over the years at a location in east Clare.” Professor Fraser Mitchell.
The ancient Irish had a great respect for nature, especially for trees. The Druids recognised five great trees, known as The Guardians of the Five Provinces, as highly sacred entities. The trees, three Ashes, an Oak, and a Yew, were located at Meath, Kildare, Carlow, and Mide (central Meath) and represented the cardinal points of the five provinces, with The Hill of Tara in Mide at its centre.
The Druids were remarkable individuals; polymaths, trained as philosophers, teachers, healers, and judges who were guardians of the Brehon law, the Irish native legal code.
Magnificent Seven
In early medieval Ireland, Brehon law - the Bretha Comaithchesa, translating as ‘judgement of the neighbourhood’ - listed, in terms of economic importance, twenty-eight trees and shrubs, divided into groups of seven with the most essential being, in the Brehon pantheon of Druidic law, the so-called Lords of the woods; airig fedo Oak, Hazel, Yew, Holly, Ash, Wild apple and Scots pine. The law regulated compensation for any damage inflicted, levying a commensurate amount against each grouping.
Scots pine was amongst the most valuable and versatile of Irish trees, possessing a multitude of uses: pine resin was tapped and used for wood preservation and boat pitching, or mixed with charcoal to form an excellent glue used in weapons manufacture, particularly in the binding of arrowheads. The needles contain relatively high levels of vitamin C, which can be made into a tea, whilst the nuts were a welcome mid-winter food, and in times of famine, the highly nutritious, mineral-rich inner bark could be harvested and made into a fibrous porridge.
This remarkable versatility may have contributed to its demise and, consequently, to the decimation of the Red Squirrel population that had existed in symbiotic harmony in the ancient forests.
* Originally published in 2020 and updated in 2025.
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